Chinese consensus on open abdomen therapy (2023 edition) / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Open abdomen therapy is an effective treatment to deal with severe abdominal infections, abdominal hypertension and other critical abdominal diseases. However, this therapy is difficult to implement and has many uncertainties in the timing, manners, and follow-up treatment, which leads to the fact that open abdomen therapy is not very accessible and standardized in medical systems of China. This consensus aims to provide guiding principles for indications and implementation of open abdomen, classification methods of open abdomen wounds, technologies for abdominal closure, and management of enteroatmospheric fistula, so as to improve the accessibility and success rate of open abdomen in China.

The role of fistuloclysis in the treatment of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas / O papel da fistuloclise no tratamento de pacientes com fístulas enteroatmosféricas

ABSTRACT Background: Enterocutaneous fistulas represent a connection between the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent tissues. Among them, there is a subdivision - the enteroatmospheric fistulas, in which the origin is the gastrointestinal tract in connection with the external environment through an open wound in the abdomen. Due to the high output in enterocutaneous fistulas, the loss of fluids, electrolytes, minerals and proteins leads to complications such as sepsis, malnutrition and electrolyte derangements. The parenteral nutrition has its secondary risks, and the fistuloclysis, that consist in the infusion of enteral feeding and also the chyme through the distal fistula, represents an alternative to the management of these patients until the definitive surgical approach. Aim: To evaluate the current evidence on the fistuloclysis technique, its applicability, advantages and disadvantages for patients with high output fistulas. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted in May 2020 with the headings "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" and "succus entericus reinfusion", in the PubMed, Medline and SciELO databases. Results: There were 29 articles selected for the development of this narrative synthesis, from 2003 to 2020, including reviews and case reports. Conclusion: Fistuloclysis is a safe method which optimizes the clinical, nutritional, and immunological conditions of patients with enteroatmospheric fistulas, increasing the chances of success of the reconstructive procedure. In cases where the definitive repair is not possible, chances of reducing or even stopping the use of nutrition through the parental route are increased, thus representing a promising modality for the management of most challenging cases.

RESUMO Racional: As fístulas enterocutâneas representam uma conexão entre o trato gastrointestinal e os tecidos adjacentes. Dentre elas, há uma subdivisão - as fístulas enteroatmosféricas, em que a origem é o trato gastrointestinal em conexão com o meio externo por meio de uma ferida aberta no abdômen. Devido ao alto débito nas fístulas enterocutâneas, a perda de fluidos, eletrólitos, minerais e proteínas levam a complicações como sepse, desnutrição e desequilíbrios eletrolíticos. A nutrição parenteral tem seus riscos secundários, e a fistuloclise, que consiste na infusão de nutrição enteral e também do quimo pela fístula distal, representa uma alternativa no manejo desses pacientes até a abordagem cirúrgica definitiva. Objetivo: Avaliar as evidências atuais sobre a técnica de fistuloclise, sua aplicabilidade, vantagens e desvantagens para pacientes com fístulas de alto débito. Método: Foi realizada uma busca sistemática da literatura em maio de 2020 com os títulos "fistuloclysis", "chyme reinfusion" e "succus entericus reinfusion", nas bases de dados PubMed, Medline e SciELO. Resultados: Foram selecionados 29 artigos para o desenvolvimento desta síntese narrativa, no período de 2003 a 2020, incluindo revisões e relatos de caso. Conclusão: A fistuloclise é um método seguro que otimiza as condições clínicas, nutricionais e imunológicas dos pacientes com fístulas enteroatmosféricas, aumentando as chances de sucesso do procedimento de reconstrução. Nos casos em que o reparo definitivo não é possível, aumentam as chances de reduzir ou mesmo interromper o uso da nutrição pela via parental, representando uma modalidade promissora para o manejo dos casos mais desafiadores.

Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy promotes successful healing in patients with refractory Crohn's disease

PURPOSE: To investigate de adjunctive effect of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in a group of patients with refractory Crohn's disease. METHODS: A total of 29 subjects with refractory Crohn's disease were submitted to daily sessions of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, in a 2800 Sechrist Monoplace Hyperbaric Chamber (Sechrist, USA) pressurized to 2.4 ATA. Each session lasted 2 hours. The endpoint was closure of enterocutaneous fistulas and complete healing of Pyoderma Gangrenosum and perineal Crohn's disease. RESULTS: A total of 829 HBOT sessions were performed and no complications were noted. Overall success rate was 76% (22 cases). Pyoderma Gangrenosum and enterocutaneous fistulas had the highest successful healing rates (100% and 91%, respectively). Perineal Crohn's disease healing rate was 65%. CONCLUSION: Adjunctive Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy promoted satisfactory healing in a group of patients with refractory Crohn's disease.

Nature Heals: Spontaneous Resolution of Liver Abscess through Hepato-colic Fistula.

Rupture of a liver abscess is a fairly common phenomenon in surgical practice. It is commoner in developing countries like India. Sites of rupture often predict the clinical course of the patient and affect the natural history of the disease, more common being the pleural and peritoneal cavity. Rupture into the bowel with fistulization is a rare phenomenon in liver abscess. Hepato-colic fistulae are being encountered following radiofrequency ablation for hepato cellular carcinoma. This occurring in the setting of liver abscess is highly uncommon. We report the first ever case in English literature, wherein an amoebic liver abscess was complicated by the occurrence of a hepato-colic fistula. The patient was a 48-year-old male who had a liver abscess in a background of alcoholic liver disease. On further investigation, he was found to have abnormal communication between the abscess cavity and the hepatic flexure of the colon. He was managed conservatively followed by spontaneous closure of the fistula.

Enfermedad de Crohn fistulizante: manejo actual y su aplicabilidad en la realidad nacional / Fistulizing Crohn’s disease, current management and its applicability in the national reality

The development of fistulas during the evolution of Crohn’s Disease represents a severe situation that affects quality of life and requires a multidisciplinary care approach that involving gastroenterologists, surgeons and radiologists. Fistulizing Crohn’s disease can be divided in perianal and not perianal disease. Perianal disease can also be divided in simple or complicated disease depending on the fistula’s characteristics that will guide the clinical and therapeutic approach. Fistulizing not perianal disease can be internal when it communicates the bowel with other organs (colovesical, rectovaginal or enteroenteric fistulas), and external when it communicates the bowel with the abdominal wall (enterocutaneous fistula), either as a spontaneous or post-surgical phenomenon. Given the variety of fistula presentation, it is necessary to give an individualized approach, taking into account the fistula’s route, the inflammatory bowel activity, the presence of abscesses, and the nutritional status of the patient. This review is focused on the current management of fistulizing Crohn’s disease in our country.

El desarrollo de fistulas durante la evolución de la enfermedad de Crohn es una situación grave que condiciona una peor calidad de vida, así como mayor complejidad en el enfrentamiento, debiendo involucrar la colaboración multidisciplinar entre gastroenterólogos, cirujanos y radiólogos. La enfermedad fistulizante se divide en aquella que afecta la zona perianal (enfermedad perianal) y en aquella que no afecta la zona perianal. La enfermedad perianal a la vez se dividirá en simple o compleja dependiendo de las características de las fistulas, lo cual condiciona variaciones en el enfrentamiento y tratamiento. La enfermedad fistulizante no perianal se divide en interna cuando comunica al intestino con otros órganos (fistulas entero-vesicales, entero-vaginales, entero-entérico) y externas cuando se comunica al intestino con la pared abdominal (fistulas entero-cutáneas) tanto de forma espontánea como postquirúrgica. Debido a la gran diversidad de presentación de las fistulas es necesario individualizar cada grupo de trayectos fistulosos, valorar la asociación a actividad inflamatoria luminal, descartar la presencia de abscesos y valorar el estado nutricional de los pacientes para definir el manejo integral adecuado. Este artículo se centra en el manejo actual de la enfermedad de Crohn fistulizante en nuestro país.

Tratamiento de las fístulas colocutáneas mediante sistema de vacio y compactación / Colocutaneous fistula treatment with vacuum pack system

Introducción: Las fístulas colocutáneas representan una patología grave que requiere un tratamiento complejo e intervención multidisciplinaria adaptada a cada caso en particular. Los objetivos de esta presentación son evaluar la factibilidad de la utilización de un método no quirúrgico de tratamiento de esta patología, el tiempo de cierre parietal y la restitución de la ingesta. Diseño: presentación de casos. Pacientes y método: Durante el período comprendido entre el 1 de enero de 2007 y el 30 de abril de 2009 se trataron con sistema de vacío y compactación 9 pacientes con fístulas colocutáneas, 3 hombres y 6 mujeres. La media etaria fue de 55 años con un rango entre 18 y 73. El método se aplicó tanto en el ámbito privado como en el hospitalario. El tratamiento quirúrgico definitivo de esta patología será motivo de otra presentación. Resultados: la aplicación de un método conservador y la oportunidad quirúrgica dependen inicialmente del estado general del paciente y de la forma de presentación de la fístula. En aquellos casos en que se decide el tratamiento quirúrgico como primera opción debe priorizarse el cierre abdominal seguro ya que es clave para evitar la recidiva de la fístula. La mortalidad global continúa elevada en pacientes fistulizados con factores agravantes. Se logro el cierre de la fístula en 8 de 9 pacientes. El tiempo de cierre y de cicatrización parietal completa disminuyeron con el sistema de vacío y compactación y fue posible la alimentación rápida y segura desde el comienzo del tratamiento. Conclusiones: La estrategia debe adecuarse a cada caso en forma individual. El SI.VA.CO. demostró ser una herramienta segura y costo-efectiva en el tratamiento de las fistulas colocutáneas de pacientes seleccionados para tratamiento conservador, definitivo o temporizador.

Introduction: Colocutaneous fistula represents a serious problem that require complex and multidisciplinary treatment adapted to each case. The objectives of this presentation are to evaluate the feasibility of using a nonsurgical method of treatment of this condition, the wall closure time and the return of the oral intake. Desing: case report presentation. Patients and methods: between January 1st, 2007 and April 30, 2009 were treated with vacuum and compaction system 9 patients with colocutaneuos fistula, 3 men and 6 women. The mean age was 55 years ranging between 18 and 73. The definitive surgical treatment of this condition will be grounds for another presentation. Results: fistula closure was possible in 8 of 9 patients. The closure time and full wall healing decreased with vacuum system compaction and oral intake was possible and safe from the start of treatment. Conclusions: The strategy should be tailored to each case individually. Vacuum system proved to be secure and cost-effective in patients selected for conservative treatment, definitive and those who needed time to get better conditions for a surgical approach.

Bouveret's syndrome

Gastric Outlet Obstruction [GOO] due to impaction of a gallstone in the duodenum after migration through a bilioduodenal fistula is known as Bouveret's syndrome. Its clinical symptoms are entirely vague and nonspecific. Because of its rarity, insidiousness and unpredictable symptomatology, Bouveret's syndrome is never thought of in the differential diagnosis as aetiology of gastric outlet obstruction. Recent advances in fiberoptics technology, advent of modern imaging modalities and minimally-invasive techniques like endoscopy and laparoscopy has brought a great revolution in the management of Bouveret's syndrome and have tremendously decreased morbidity and mortality associated with this rare clinical entity

Anterior abdominal wall fistula: a clinicopathological challenge

Aim of the work was to study the anterior abdominal wall fistulae connected to the gut from etiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects regarding their incidence, presentations, response to conservative or surgical treatment and final outcome. This study was carried out on 30 patients with external fistulae connecting the anterior abdominal wall and Originating from the intestine, biliary radicles and the pancreas. All patients were admitted to Department of Surgery, Main Alexandria University Hospital There were 18 males and 12 females, the age ranged from 12 to 65 years with a mean value of 48.15 +/- 3.24 years. Eleven patients [36.7%] were of high output fistulae, 4 patients [13.3%] were of moderate output fistulae and 15 patients [50%] were of low output fistulae. The complications were sepsis in 10 patients [33. 3%], fever in 10 patients [33.3%], electrolyte depletion and weight loss in 4 patients [13.3%] and skin complications in 22 patients [73.3%]. Abdominal ultrasound and CT scans were done in all cases and revealed internal collection in 7 patients [23.3%], fistulogram was done in 7 cases [23.3%] and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] in one case. The origin of fistulae was the small intestine In 10 patients [33.3%], the colon in l6 patients [53.3%], from biliary- enteric anastomosis in 3 patients [10%] and from pancreatic duct in one patient [3.3%]. The etiological factors were gut carcinoma in 8 patients [26.7%], hernia repair in 10 patients [33.3%], neglected appendicitis in 3 patients [10%], post Whipple operation in 3 patients [10%], post pancreatic necrosectomy in one case [3.3%], iatrogenic trauma to sigmoid colon during gynaecological surgery in 2 cases [6.7%], rupture sigmoid diverticulitis in 2 patients [6.7%] and one case [3.3%] following typhoid perforation. Spontaneous closure was achieved in 25 patients [83.3%] by conservative treatment which included total parenteral nutrition, enteral nutrition, somatostatin analogue and antibiotics. Surgical intervention was required in spatients [16.7%] in the form of resection of the fistula- bearing segment and anastomosis of the two healthy ends. Five fistulae [16.7%] closed between 2 and 4 weeks, 8 fistulae [26.67%] between 4 and 8 weeks, 9 fistulae [30%] between 6 and 8 weeks and 8 fistulae [26.7%] closed after more than 8 weeks. Only one patient [3.3%] died from sepsis and multiple organ failure. spontaneous closure is depending on a number of factors which include anatomical site, distal obstruction, presence of inter current disease and whether or not the fistulous track is simple or complex. Sepsis in the peritoneal cavity is the major cause of mortality. The use of octreotide is highly recommended as It definitely converts high output to low output fistulae. The enterocutaneous fistulae that fail to resolve within 4 to 6 weeks under conservative treatment require surgical intervention

Complicaciones de los traumatismos duodenopancreáticos / Duodenal-pancreatic trauma complications

Antecedentes: El aumento de la incidencia de traumatismos en general y de los abdomen en particular es una constante en todas la sociedades y en todas las edades. Los traumatismos duodenopancreáticos son poco frecuentes. Sin embargo, son considerados de resolución compleja por presentar alto indice de complicaciones, independiente del tipo de reparación duodenal o pancreática, como así también, por la frecuente posibilidad de lesiones que pasan inadvertidas. Objetivos: Exponer la experiencia de un Servicio de Cirugía General en el manejo de las complicaciones del traumatismo duodenopancreático. Lugar de aplicación: Hospital de Comunidad cerrada. Diseño: Estudio retrospectivo. Población: Se analizaron 60 lesiones duodenopancreáticas: a- heridas de bala: 51 casos; b- heridas por arma blanca: 2 casos; c- traumatismos cerrados: 7. Métodos: Las lesiones fueron clasificadas siguiendo a Moore y col. en: Lesiones duodenales: se comprobaron dos casos de lesión grado I (sin mortalidad), trece casps de lesión grado II (3 fallecidos), siete casos de lesión grado III (con 2 fallecidos), 2 casos grado IV (sin fallecidos) y no hubo casos grado V. Lesiones pancreáticas: Se comprobaron tres casos de lesiones grado I (sin mortalidad), cuatro grado II (sin mortalidad), diez grado III (con 2 fallecidos), ocho casos grado IV (con 2 fallecidos) y no hubo leciones grado V. Resultados: Lesiones duodenales: Hubo veinticuatro con cinco fallecidos (20,8 por ciento de mortalidad). Dos pacientes presentaron sepsis, dos falla multisistémica y uno paro cardiorrespiratorio. Lesiones pancreáticas: Hubo veinticinco, con 4 fallecidos (16 por ciento de mortalidad). Dos por coagulación intravascular diseminada, uno por sepsis y uno por falla multisistémica. Lesiones combinadas: Hubo once, con 2 fallecidos (18 por ciento de mortalidad). Uno por sepsis y uno por falla multisistémica. La mortalidad global fue de once enfermos (18,3 por ciento)...

O papel da U.T.I. no tratamento das fístulas entéricas / The role of Intensive Care Unit in the therapy of intestinal fistulas

As fístulas entéricas continuam representando complicaçöes pós-operatórias, extremamente graves e respondem por relevante mortalidade. Seu tratamento depende de um trabalho planificado, executado por equipe multiprofissional. Medidas clínicas e cirúrgicas se complementam, já que, apesar da prioridade para o tratamento conservador, as intervençöes cirúrgicas podem ser indispensáveis como medidas auxiliares, principalmente no combate à sepse. Ao longo do tratamento, o concurso do intensivista pode ser necessário, principalmente na fase inicial, quando o paciente pode apresentar importantes distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos, sépticos, ou cardiorrespiratórios. Em mais da metade dos pacientes, as fístulas se fecham espontaneamente com o tratamento conservador. O tratamento operatório definitivo, para o fechamento da fístula, fica reservado para os casos em que falharam os esforços para o fechamento espontâneo, mas só será realizado após o completo desaparecimento da sepse abdominal.

Tratamento de fístula duodenal de alto débito com nutriçäo enteral e somatostatina: apresentaçäo de dois casis clínicos / Treatment of high debt duodenal fistula with enteral nutrition and somatostatin: presentation of two clinic cases

Fístulas digestivas de alto débito cursam com alto índice de complicaçöes. Há vários estudos mundiais comparando o tratamento com somatostina associada ou näo a nutriçäo parenteral. Os autores apresentam dois casos de fístula duodenal de alto débito tratados com nutriçäo enteral (por sonda que ultrapassa o orifício fistuloso associado à somatostatina administrada IV

Fístulas estercoráceas: clasificación y manejo / Stercoraceous fistula: clasification and management

La fístula estercorácea es una entidad clínica rara. Nos ha interesado estudiar su etiología, los métodos de diagnóstico, su manejo y su morbimortalidad. Se analiza 22 pacientes portadores de fístula estercorácea tratados en un período de 10 años, entre 1981 y 1990. Su edad promedio fue de 53 años con un rango de 16 a 78 años. De ellos 12 son hombres y 10 mujeres. La causa más frecuente es la postquirúrgica (77%) correspondiendo el resto a enfermedades inflamatorias, vasculares y neoplásicas. El sitio de origen de la fístula se distribuyó con mayor incidencia en los segmentos móviles del intestino grueso. En el 22,7% hubo coexistencia de fístula doble. El manejo de ellas puede ser expectante o quirúrgico con derivación (ostomía) o adecuando el tratamiento a cada enfermo. La mortalidad fue de 9% (2/22)

Nuevo enfoque en el tratamiento de las fístulas enterocutáneas postquirúrgicas / New approach in the treatment of the postoperative enterocutaneous fistulas

Entre 1985 y 1990 se trataron 14 pacientes con 27 fístulas enterocutáneas postcirugía, mediante un sistema original por vacío y compactación(SIVACO). Se basa en el uso de muy bajas presiones atmosféricas, que compacta una masa de fibras poliméricas(TFP) sobre el orificio, ocluyéndolo como una tapa o "pared dique". El sesgo grave de la población está dado por el alto caudal promedio de las fístulas (1500cc/día), una mortalidad esperada del 43% por APACHE II y por ser 7 pacientes con supuraciones peritoneales, 8 con desnutrición severa, 6 con m160s de una fístula y 12 con signos claros de sepsis. Los resultados fueron: el caudal cayó a 67cc/día a las 24 hs. y 0cc/día a los siete días. Este método resolvió las colecciones intraperitoneales sin punciones o cirugía. Siete de los ocho pacientes desnutridos recuperaron más del 55% del peso perdido a los 20 días. De las 27 fístulas tratadas 22 cerraron con este procedimiento y 4 con cirugía. El 93% de los pacientes se alimentaba por vía enteral, deambulaba y se encontraba sin vía venosa central a los 9 días de tratamiento. El tiempo de tratamiento fue de 14 a 365 días. Once enfermos curaron las fístulas entre 14 y 44 días, 2 con fístulas múltiples, algunas de ellas cerradas antes de los 90 días y que se reoperaron al año de las fístulas persistentes, con buen estado general y alta a los 15 y 20 días sin complicaciones. Trece pacientes fueron dados de alta curados. Uno falleció por bronconeumonía. La mortalidad del método fue 0